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Gong Q, Janowski M, Luo M, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of atropine in childhood myopia: a meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(6):624–630. Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for pediatric myopia in a contemporary American cohort. The Vegan Society: History. Available at: https://www.vegansociety.com/about-us/history [12.06.2018].

UCFS Health: Hemoglobin and Functions of Iron. Verfügbar unter https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin_and_functions_of_iron/ [11.06.2018]The high consumption of animal products is one of the main causes of widespread lifestyle diseases such as obesity, [8] Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. American Diabetes Association; 2009 May [cited 2017 Sep… Continue reading [9] Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [Internet]. 2013 Apr [cited 2017… Continue reading [10] Huang, T., B. Yang, J. Zheng, et al. (2012): Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 60, p.233–240 [11] Dinu, M., R. Abbate, G. F. Gensini, et al. (2017): Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 57,… Continue reading [12] Melina, V., C. Winston & S. Levin (2016): Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116, no. 12 (December 2016): pp.… Continue reading

Those eating a vegan diet should ensure a proper supply of vitamin B 12 by taking dietary supplements and/or using vitamin B 12 toothpaste. Calcium Harvard T. H. Chan (2018): Healthy Eating Plate & Healthy Eating Pyramid. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/ [11.06.2018] Vegan meat alternatives suc h as tofu, vegan burgers, schnitzels, and sausages are available in many variants – for example, based on soy , seitan, or lupins . There are also many vegan alternatives to milk , yoghurt, and cheese. These are often based on soya, nuts , or cereals. The Author(s). This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. AHS-2 began in 2002 as a prospective study conducted among Adventist church members in the USA and Canada [ 17]. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the role of foods in regard to various forms of cancer. Participants were eligible if they were proficient in English and were aged 30 years or older. All instruments and procedures were approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Review Board in June 2001 and approval was renewed annually thereafter.

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We tested for association or differences in all demographic or social characteristics at the index date between patients classified with myopia or not using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and t-test or Wilcoxon’s ranked-sum test for continuous variables, as appropriate. Normality for parametric testing was determined using Shapiro–Wilk’s test of normality. Statistical significance was considered at the 5% type-I error rate and all tests of association or difference were 2-sided. We used robust Poisson regression to examine ORs and 95% CI limits for myopia in both crude models that included only the variable being examined or all variables together in the same model for the multivariable analysis. CI that included 1.0 were considered not statistically significant for these results. All analyses were conducted using SAS/STAT Version 12.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). O’Donoghue L, Mcclelland JF, Logan NS, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in school children in Northern Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1155–1159.

Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among White subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1909–16. Jaceldo-Siegl K, Lutjohann D, Sirirat R, Mashchak A, Fraser GE, Haddad E. Variations in dietary intake and plasma concentrations of plant sterols across plant-based diets among North American adults. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600828 Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:1610–9. Batec Mobility wheelchair attachments are a great way to make a wheelchair more accessible and easier to operate. These devices can be used for a variety of tasks, from providing extra stability and support, to making it easier to navigate through tight spaces. For individuals looking to embrace a more active lifestyle, an off road wheelchair attachment opens up a whole new world of possibilities, allowing them to explore nature, engage in recreational activities, and experience the freedom they deserve. Also, they are an invaluable tool for those with limited mobility who require a wheelchair for everyday activities.Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A. Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:562–71. WHO (2001): Iron Deficiency Anaemia, S. 15. Verfügbar unter: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/ida_assessment_prevention_control.pdf [11.06.2018]

In multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, the odds ratio (OR) of incident diabetes for vegans was 0.228 (95% CI 0.140, 0.372), lacto ovo vegetarians, 0.461 (95% CI, 0.373, 0.569), pesco vegetarians, 0.597 (95% CI 0.433, 0.823), and semi-vegetarians, 0.380 (95% CI 0.236, 0.613) compared to the non-vegetarian reference group. With adjustment for age and BMI, these point estimates were somewhat weakened but remained statistically significant with the exception of the pesco vegetarian group. For vegans the OR was 0.383 (95% CI 0.233, 0.629), for lacto ovo vegetarians, 0.635 (95% CI, 0.511, 0.789), for pesco vegetarians 0.791 (0.572, 1.095) and for semi-vegetarians 0.447 (95% CI 0.277, 0.722). Adjustment for lifestyle factors in addition had very minor effects on the estimates compared to the age and BMI adjusted results (data not shown). Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012;32(1):3–16. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide. [13] WHO (2001): Iron Deficiency Anaemia, S. 15. Verfügbar unter: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/ida_assessment_prevention_control.pdf [11.06.2018] [14] Heinrich, P. C. et al. (2014): Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie. Springer, p. 659, 736–780 [15] UCFS Health: Hemoglobin and Functions of Iron. Verfügbar unter https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin_and_functions_of_iron/ [11.06.2018] Iron deficiencies can usually be counteracted by maintaining a healthy and varied diet, and by regularly eating iron-rich foods such as sesame, red lentils, kidney beans, or tempeh. Iodine Huang, T., B. Yang, J. Zheng, et al. (2012): Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 60, p.233–240 WHO (World Health Organization) (2004): Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43010/1/9241592001.pdf p.12 [11.06.2018]It is becoming increasingly clear that the consumption of animals is a major contributor to numerous global problems. Since a plant-based diet provides a single solution to helping resolve all of these problems, the move towards a diet and lifestyle free from animal products is rapidly gaining momentum. A plant-based diet saves many animals from a life of suffering, reduces one’s personal ecological footprint, and can contribute to a fairer world. At the same time, plant-based eating can also offer a healthier and more varied diet. Vegetarian and vegan diets have a long tradition Guggenheim JA, Northstone K, Mcmahon G, et al. Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6):2856–2865.